Within the balance dimension the primary indicator is the balance index, defined as the ratio between the difference in inflow-outflow and the maximum value of inflow or outflow. The index takes values from -1 to 1, where -1 means outflow only, 0 means perfectly balanced flow, and 1 means inflow only.
In terms of balance, the knowledge basket is strongly diversified internally. The balance distribution for H2020 forms a mosaic; neighboring regions can be both senders and receivers. A certain compact group of regions that are all receivers lie along the eastern wall of ESPON space, from northern Norway and Sweden through Finland and the Central and Eastern European states from the 2004-2013 EU enlargement. For patents, the spatial pattern of receivers in Europe is similar to that of H2020. The dif-ference is that almost all of Spain and Portugal (and part of France) join the receivers group, and the UK and Italy are more senders than receivers. In general, regions in Western Europe are much more bal-anced for patents than for H2020. Unlike with H2020 and patents, there is a clear divide for the Eras-mus program between Northern Europe (Scandinavia, the UK, and Ireland) and the rest of the ESPON space. In the north, receivers dominate and countries and regions receive more Erasmus students than they send. On the other hand, the remaining part of the ESPON space consists mainly of regions with a negative balance for Erasmus students, with selected regions in Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, and Greece having a particularly negative balance. However, a positive balance is also recorded in some Mediterra-nean regions that are also strong university units (Portugal, Catalonia, Tuscany, Athens).
The synthetic matrix for the knowledge basket shows a more balanced picture, with single regions that are strong senders or strong receivers. Strong receivers are located mainly in Scandinavia and in southeastern Romania and Greece. There are no clusters of strong senders in the ESPON space. The box-plot analysis shows how balanced the ESPON space is for the knowledge basket. Regardless of the method of regional aggregation — whether it depend on cohesion or macroregion — there are basi-cally no significant differences in the context of balance. In this group only regions belonging to EU states from the enlargement of the community in the years 2004-2013 indicate a slight dominance of senders of knowledge. In turn, regions characterized by low total FUA populations are mainly receivers of knowledge.
Theme(s): Economy, finance and trade - Population and living conditions - Education - Science and Technology - Science, Technology and Innovation
Spatial Extent | Nomenclature | ||
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name | version | level | |
EU27+4EFTA+UK | NUTS | 2016 | 2 |
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